Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. logo RS - Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co.

Price: -- -- | CONSENSUS: Hold DETAILS
STRONG
BUY
0
BUY 9
HOLD 16
SELL 2
STRONG
SELL
0
| PRICE TARGET: $362.00 DETAILS
HIGH: $390.00
LOW: $330.00
MEDIAN: $364.00
CONSENSUS: $362.00
DOWNSIDE: 1.36%
Metric 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
Revenue
Revenue 14,294.3 13,835 14,805.9 17,025 14,093.3 8,811.9 10,973.8 11,534.5 9,721 8,613.4 9,350.5 10,451.6 9,223.8 8,442.3 8,134.7 6,312.8 5,318.1 8,718.8 7,265.6 5,748.4 3,370.7 2,947.2 1,882.9 1,748.3 1,657.0 1,726.7 1,511.1 1,352.8 961.5 654 561.3 446.9 373.1
Cost of Revenue 10,465 9,997.1 10,504 12,013.9 9,833.2 6,225.9 7,863.7 8,468.2 7,151.8 6,232.3 7,022.1 8,044.4 7,018.6 6,384.4 6,281.8 4,848.5 4,037.5 6,654.7 5,498.0 4,293.9 2,495.6 2,155.5 1,372.3 1,268.3 1,194.5 1,257.0 1,097.4 1,024.2 737.5 492.2 432.1 344.7 287.1
Gross Profit 3,829.3 3,837.9 4,301.9 5,011.1 4,260.1 2,586 3,110.1 3,066.3 2,569.2 2,381.1 2,328.4 2,407.2 2,205.2 2,057.9 1,852.9 1,464.3 1,280.6 2,064.2 1,757.6 1,448.7 871.4 787.6 510.6 480.0 462.5 469.7 413.7 328.6 224 161.8 129.2 102.2 86
Operating Expenses
R&D Expenses 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SG&A Expenses 2,806.7 2,662.1 2,562.4 2,502.8 2,306.4 1,862.4 2,096.3 2,108.4 1,902.7 1,803.9 1,737.1 1,766.6 1,627 1,396.2 1,280.3 1,103.6 1,030.2 1,211.2 1,034.1 821.4 507.9 483.9 395.9 379.3 347.3 318.6 278.6 220.2 151.4 109.6 89.4 73.3 65.1
Other Expenses 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.9 28.5 32.3 28.1 25.6 19.4 13.2 8.5 5.2 4.3 3.6
Operating Expenses 2,806.7 2,662.1 2,562.4 2,502.8 2,306.4 1,862.4 2,096.3 2,108.4 1,902.7 1,803.9 1,737.1 1,766.6 1,627 1,396.2 1,280.3 1,103.6 1,030.2 1,211.2 1,034.1 821.4 507.9 483.9 432.8 407.8 379.6 346.7 304.2 239.6 164.6 118.1 94.6 77.6 68.7
Operating Income
Operating Income 1,022.6 1,175.8 1,739.5 2,508.3 1,953.7 723.6 1,013.8 957.9 666.5 577.2 591.3 640.6 578.2 661.7 572.6 360.7 250.4 853.0 723.5 627.4 363.5 303.7 77.8 72.2 82.8 122.9 109.5 89 59.4 43.7 34.6 24.6 17.3
Interest Expense 55.7 40.3 40.1 62.3 148.2 142.3 158.9 156.3 140.4 146.7 141.7 134.4 125.3 102.6 100.3 93.5 99.2 116.7 78.7 61.7 25.2 28.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Interest Income 0 20.7 35.2 9.3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1.4 1 1.4 40.2 28.6 41.3 30.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profitability
EBITDA 1,303.1 1,448.9 2,026.2 2,732.9 2,261.5 847.8 1,307.5 1,222.1 942.6 797.9 818.9 894.5 796 861 745 510.5 413.6 981.2 813.3 695.6 413.8 352.5 117.5 100.5 115.2 151.0 135.1 108.4 72.6 52.2 39.8 28.9 20.9
EBIT 1,024.9 1,180.2 1,780.8 2,492.7 2,031.3 620.5 1,088.2 1,006.9 724.2 575.9 600.4 680.7 603.6 712 611.9 389.9 294.7 883.2 733.4 633.1 367.2 307.8 80.7 71.9 82.8 122.9 109.5 89 59.4 43.7 34.6 24.6 17.3
Income Before Tax 969.2 1,139.9 1,740.7 2,430.4 1,883.1 478.2 929.3 850.6 583.8 429.2 458.7 546.3 478.3 609.4 511.6 296.4 195.5 765.7 654.4 571.1 333.2 270.0 54.9 49.7 60.2 102.6 96.4 80.3 58 49.6 38.6 24.2 14.9
Income Tax Expense 227.6 261.9 400.6 586.2 465.7 105.8 223.2 208.8 (37.2) 120.1 142.5 170 153.6 201.1 162.4 98.6 46.3 282.9 246.4 216.6 127.8 100.2 20.8 19.6 23.8 40.3 38.8 32.6 23.8 19.8 15.9 9.8 5.7
Net Income 739.4 875.2 1,335.9 1,840.1 1,413 369.1 701.5 633.7 613.4 304.3 311.5 371.5 321.6 403.5 343.8 194.4 148.2 482.8 408.0 354.5 205.4 169.7 34.0 30.2 36.3 62.3 57.6 47.7 34.2 29.8 22.7 14.4 9.2
Per Share Data
EPS (Basic) 14.07 15.70 22.90 30.39 22.35 5.74 10.49 8.85 8.42 4.21 4.20 4.78 4.19 5.36 4.60 2.62 2.02 6.60 5.39 4.85 3.12 2.62 0.54 0.48 0.64 1.15 1.04 0.85 0.73 0.65 0.49 0.38 0.28
EPS (Diluted) 13.98 15.56 22.64 29.92 21.97 5.66 10.34 8.75 8.34 4.16 4.16 4.73 4.14 5.33 4.58 2.61 2.01 6.56 5.36 4.82 3.10 2.60 0.54 0.47 0.64 1.14 1.03 0.84 0.72 0.95 0.49 0.38 0.28
Shares Outstanding 52.6 55.7 58.3 60.6 63.2 64.3 66.9 71.6 72.9 72.3 74.2 77.7 76.8 75.3 74.7 74.2 73.4 73.1 75.6 73.1 65.9 65.0 63.7 63.4 56.7 54.4 55.5 56.3 47.2 46 46.8 37.9 33.5
Metric 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2009 2008 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
Current Assets
Cash & Cash Equivalents 216.6 318.1 1,080.2 1,173.4 300.5 683.5 174.3 128.2 154.4 122.8 43.0 52.0 11.7 2.2 9.3 9.9 3.1 9.9 6.5 34 0.8 18 8.3 1.5
Short-Term Investments 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Net Receivables 1,539.9 1,402.4 1,508 1,602.3 1,683 928.4 1,105 1,258.2 1,090.2 960.2 587.9 861.2 330.0 221.8 190.2 172.6 193.1 167.7 156.2 117.7 73.1 68.9 57.3 43.4
Inventory 2,187.8 2,026.8 2,043.2 1,995.3 2,065 1,420.4 1,645.7 1,817.1 1,726 1,532.6 719.9 1,284.5 349.8 288.1 307.4 308.1 271.5 232.9 240.7 158.7 122.8 72 57.9 49.5
Other Current Assets 196.8 148.2 140.4 115.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.2 70.9 24.6 18.0 15.3 18.5 23.6 18.4 16.9 11.7 14.2 8 1.9 1.7
Total Current Assets 4,141.1 3,895.5 4,771.8 4,886.6 4,160.1 3,112.8 3,010.2 3,285 3,051.3 2,688.5 1,390.9 2,302.4 733.2 544.6 532.5 518.0 491.4 428.9 420.3 322.1 210.9 166.9 125.4 96.1
Non-Current Assets
Property, Plant & Equipment 2,948.5 2,820.1 2,480 2,191 2,061.4 1,996.2 1,996.7 1,729.9 1,656.3 1,662.2 981.3 998.7 458.8 466.9 306.2 290.4 245.4 227.4 213.1 161 133.6 66.3 58.9 53.1
Goodwill 2,169.9 2,161.8 2,111.1 2,105.9 2,107.6 1,935.2 2,003.8 1,870.8 1,842.6 1,827.4 1,081.3 1,065.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Intangible Assets 960.1 1,007.2 981.1 1,019.6 1,077.7 947.1 1,031.1 1,072 1,112.1 1,151.3 726.3 741.7 341.8 325.3 284.3 250.1 232.0 215.2 176.9 67.3 0 0 0 0
Long-Term Investments 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.9 20.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other Non-Current Assets 153.7 137.2 136.3 126.8 129.2 115.5 89.3 87.2 88.7 81.9 103.9 87.2 29.5 32.7 16.2 23.8 28.4 28.5 31.1 33.5 46.7 27.3 15.1 14.2
Total Non-Current Assets 6,232.2 6,126.3 5,708.5 5,443.3 5,375.9 4,994 5,120.9 4,759.9 4,699.7 4,722.8 2,915.9 2,893.1 830.1 824.8 606.7 564.3 505.8 471.1 421.1 261.8 180.3 93.6 74 67.3
Total Assets 10,373.3 10,021.8 10,480.3 10,329.9 9,536 8,106.8 8,131.1 8,044.9 7,751 7,411.3 4,306.8 5,195.5 1,563.3 1,369.4 1,139.2 1,082.3 997.2 900 841.4 583.9 391.2 260.5 199.4 163.4
Current Liabilities
Account Payables 375.2 361.9 410.3 412.4 453.9 259.3 275 338.8 346.7 302.2 169.1 248.3 140.3 98.4 77.4 69.9 82.6 104 91.6 82.9 50.3 46.8 30.3 26.9
Short-Term Debt 68.4 399.7 0.3 508.2 5 6 64.9 65.2 92 82.5 86.4 93.9 46.4 22.4 20.2 10.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.5 2.9 2.9 3.2
Deferred Revenue 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 82.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other Current Liabilities 404.5 195.2 213.9 240 294 165.8 172.1 174.8 139.3 140.8 (4.2) 0 0.1 28.7 4.4 25.0 61.0 51.7 37.4 25.8 21.3 16.5 7.7 5.1
Total Current Liabilities 848.1 1,213 843.6 1,375.3 1,065 613 675.3 699.1 703.7 656 417.6 650.2 288.8 202.8 142.9 138.0 143.7 155.9 129.1 108.8 74.1 66.2 40.9 35.2
Non-Current Liabilities
Long-Term Debt 1,671.1 742.8 1,141.9 1,139.4 1,642 1,638.9 1,523.6 2,138.5 1,809.4 1,846.7 849.4 1,671.7 380.9 469.2 344.1 332.0 421.8 318.1 343.3 143.4 107.5 30.4 8.5 38
Deferred Tax Liabilities 575.6 537.5 494 476.6 484.8 455.6 469.3 440.1 440.8 626.9 335.9 340.3 55.6 40.3 31.7 28.4 28.6 25.7 23.2 18.5 16.9 0 0 0
Other Non-Current Liabilities (151.9) 83.7 89.1 77.5 88 122.5 99.3 87.7 97.2 102.6 92.6 94.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0.1
Total Non-Current Liabilities 2,345.7 1,578.2 1,903.9 1,858.7 2,377.3 2,371.1 2,241.7 2,666.3 2,347.4 2,576.2 1,281.1 2,110.3 436.5 509.6 375.8 360.4 450.5 343.8 366.5 161.9 124.5 30.4 8.5 38.1
Total Liabilities 3,193.8 2,791.2 2,747.5 3,234 3,442.3 2,984.1 2,917 3,365.4 3,051.1 3,232.2 1,698.7 2,760.4 725.2 712.4 518.7 498.4 594.2 499.7 495.6 270.7 198.6 96.6 49.4 73.3
Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 122.2 136.4 594.6 590.3 0 0 314.0 303.6 294.5 290.8 139.2 153.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Retained Earnings 7,257.6 7,334.7 7,798.9 7,173.6 6,155.3 5,193.2 5,189.5 4,637.9 4,144.1 3,663.2 2,020.3 1,900.4 508.1 345.0 317.2 294.1 264.1 247.2 193.9 158.4 131.5 103.6 86.4 73.6
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (87.6) (115.2) (76.7) (86.3) (68.9) (77.9) (105.1) (102.7) (71.6) (104.7) (1.5) (32.0) 0.5 (0.9) (1.8) (1.0) (0.3) (95.8) (81) (64.9) (56.7) 0 0 0
Total Stockholders' Equity 7,170.1 7,219.6 7,722.3 7,087.4 6,086.5 5,115.4 5,206.6 4,671.6 4,667.1 4,148.8 2,606.4 2,431.4 822.6 647.6 609.9 583.9 403.0 400.3 345.8 313.2 192.6 163.9 150 90.1
Total Liabilities & Equity 10,373.3 10,021.8 10,480.3 10,329.9 9,536 8,106.8 8,131.1 8,044.9 7,751 7,411.3 4,306.8 5,195.5 1,563.3 1,369.4 1,139.2 1,082.3 997.2 900 841.4 583.9 391.2 260.5 199.4 163.4
Debt Metrics
Total Debt 1,990.4 1,418.1 1,377.3 1,865.3 1,868.1 1,850 1,790.5 2,203.7 1,901.4 1,929.2 939.6 1,770.1 427.2 491.6 344.4 342.3 422.0 318.3 343.4 143.5 110 33.3 11.4 41.2
Net Debt 1,773.8 1,100 297.1 691.9 1,567.6 1,166.5 1,616.2 2,075.5 1,747 1,806.4 896.6 1,718.1 415.6 489.5 335.1 332.4 418.9 308.4 336.9 109.5 109.2 15.3 3.1 39.7
Metric 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
Operating Activities
Net Income 741.6 878 1,335.9 1,844.2 1,417.4 372.4 706.1 641.8 621 309.1 205.4 169.7 34.0 30.2 36.3 62.3 57.6 47.7 34.2 29.8 22.7 14.4 9.2
Depreciation & Amortization 278.2 268.7 245.4 240.2 230.2 227.3 219.3 215.2 218.4 222 46.6 44.6 36.9 28.5 32.3 28.1 25.6 19.4 13.2 8.5 5.2 4.3 3.6
Stock-Based Compensation 55.6 56.8 65 65.3 70.8 42.2 51.2 45.5 33.4 24.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Change in Working Capital (281.3) 165.9 1.9 (55) (909.7) 400.3 279.3 (266.7) (283.6) 12.6 9.0 (105.7) 29.1 29.1 37.0 (64.0) 54.3 (30.7) (2.5) 2.4 7 (17.8) (7.3)
Other Non-Cash Items 0.2 24 6.9 30.6 14.5 144.5 13.1 37.9 2.4 58.9 12.2 10.4 (1.6) (0.6) 0.1 (2.2) 0.1 (5.3) (6.4) (5.8) 0.1 (0.2) (1.1)
Operating Cash Flow 831.4 1,429.8 1,671.3 2,118.6 799.4 1,173 1,301.5 664.6 399 626.5 272.2 121.8 106.4 90.7 103.6 24.5 131.4 30.9 39.8 36.4 39.4 2.9 4.4
Investing Activities
Capital Expenditure (328.9) (430.6) (468.8) (341.8) (236.6) (172) (242.2) (239.9) (161.6) (154.9) (53.7) (36.0) (20.9) (18.7) (24.5) (30.4) (112.5) (176.1) (107.1) (21.4) (7.9) (9.5) (10.1)
Acquisitions (2.8) (364.6) (24) 10.9 (439.3) (6.9) (177.8) (77.6) (37.8) (348.7) (94.4) 0 (245.8) (53.3) (129.7) (41.1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Purchases of Investments 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sales/Maturities of Investments 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other Investing Activities 9.9 (8.5) 8.9 (17.6) 23.6 (9.5) 0.9 36.5 20 (1.5) 1.5 (13.7) 3.0 3.7 8.5 3.3 18.5 3.7 8.6 (93.4) (13.5) (2.5) (0.1)
Investing Cash Flow (321.8) (803.7) (483.9) (348.5) (652.3) (188.4) (419.1) (281) (179.4) (505.1) (146.6) (49.6) (263.7) (68.2) (145.7) (68.2) (94) (172.4) (98.5) (114.8) (21.4) (12) (10.1)
Financing Activities
Net Debt Issuance 276.7 (0.3) (508.3) (2.5) (1.5) 58.8 (617.6) 278.1 (31.9) (7.8) (93.5) (64.4) 147.2 (17.6) (95.6) 96.3 (30.9) 129 5.6 62.3 0.5 (29.7) 8.9
Stock Repurchased (594.1) (1,093.7) (479.5) (630.3) (323.5) (337.3) (50) (484.9) (25) 0 0 0 0 0 0 (56.3) 0 (11.3) (7.4) 0 (7.6) 0 (1.9)
Dividends Paid (254.7) (249.7) (238.1) (217.1) (177) (164.1) (151.3) (145.3) (132) (120.4) (12.5) (10.2) (8.0) (7.6) (6.8) (6.0) (4.9) (4.5) (2.6) (1.9) (1.6) (1.1) (1.1)
Other Financing Activities (48.1) (32.7) (56.4) (44.9) (27.7) (40.4) (21.7) (51.8) (14.4) 28 (7.2) 0 0 (8.9) 0.5 1.0 (0.1) 0 0.1 0 0.1 (0.6) 0
Financing Cash Flow (620.2) (1,376.4) (1,282.3) (892.6) (528.9) (483) (840.6) (403.9) (198.1) (100.2) (102.1) (64.2) 149.7 (23.3) 49.6 37.0 (34) 113.9 92 61.2 (8.2) 15.9 6.3
Cash Position
Net Change in Cash (101.5) (762.1) (93.2) 872.9 (383) 509.2 46.1 (26.2) 31.6 18.5 23.4 9.5 (7.1) (0.6) 6.8 (6.8) 3.4 113.9 92 61.2 (8.2) 15.9 6.3
Cash at Beginning 318.1 1,080.2 1,173.4 300.5 683.5 174.3 128.2 154.4 122.8 104.3 11.7 2.2 9.3 9.9 3.1 9.9 6.5 34 0.8 18 8.3 1.5 0.9
Cash at End 216.6 318.1 1,080.2 1,173.4 300.5 683.5 174.3 128.2 154.4 122.8 35.0 11.7 2.2 9.3 9.9 3.1 9.9 147.9 92.8 79.2 0.1 17.4 7.2
Free Cash Flow 502.5 999.2 1,202.5 1,776.8 562.8 1,001 1,059.3 424.7 237.4 471.6 218.5 85.8 85.5 72.1 79.0 (5.9) 18.9 (145.2) (67.3) 15 31.5 (6.6) (5.7)
Key Metrics 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
Income Statement
Revenue 14,294.3 13,835 14,805.9 17,025 14,093.3 8,811.9 10,973.8 11,534.5 9,721 8,613.4 9,350.5 10,451.6 9,223.8 8,442.3 8,134.7 6,312.8 5,318.1 8,718.8 7,265.6 5,748.4 3,370.7 2,947.2 1,882.9 1,748.3 1,657.0 1,726.7 1,511.1 1,352.8 961.5 654 561.3 446.9 373.1
Gross Profit 3,829.3 3,837.9 4,301.9 5,011.1 4,260.1 2,586 3,110.1 3,066.3 2,569.2 2,381.1 2,328.4 2,407.2 2,205.2 2,057.9 1,852.9 1,464.3 1,280.6 2,064.2 1,757.6 1,448.7 871.4 787.6 510.6 480.0 462.5 469.7 413.7 328.6 224 161.8 129.2 102.2 86
Operating Income 1,022.6 1,175.8 1,739.5 2,508.3 1,953.7 723.6 1,013.8 957.9 666.5 577.2 591.3 640.6 578.2 661.7 572.6 360.7 250.4 853.0 723.5 627.4 363.5 303.7 77.8 72.2 82.8 122.9 109.5 89 59.4 43.7 34.6 24.6 17.3
Net Income 739.4 875.2 1,335.9 1,840.1 1,413 369.1 701.5 633.7 613.4 304.3 311.5 371.5 321.6 403.5 343.8 194.4 148.2 482.8 408.0 354.5 205.4 169.7 34.0 30.2 36.3 62.3 57.6 47.7 34.2 29.8 22.7 14.4 9.2
EPS (Diluted) 13.98 15.56 22.64 29.92 21.97 5.66 10.34 8.75 8.34 4.16 4.16 4.73 4.14 5.33 4.58 2.61 2.01 6.56 5.36 4.82 3.10 2.60 0.54 0.47 0.64 1.14 1.03 0.84 0.72 0.95 0.49 0.38 0.28
Balance Sheet
Cash & Equivalents 216.6 318.1 1,080.2 1,173.4 300.5 683.5 174.3 128.2 154.4 122.8 43.0 52.0 11.7 2.2 9.3 9.9 3.1 9.9 6.5 34 0.8 18 8.3 1.5
Total Assets 10,373.3 10,021.8 10,480.3 10,329.9 9,536 8,106.8 8,131.1 8,044.9 7,751 7,411.3 4,306.8 5,195.5 1,563.3 1,369.4 1,139.2 1,082.3 997.2 900 841.4 583.9 391.2 260.5 199.4 163.4
Total Debt 1,990.4 1,418.1 1,377.3 1,865.3 1,868.1 1,850 1,790.5 2,203.7 1,901.4 1,929.2 939.6 1,770.1 427.2 491.6 344.4 342.3 422.0 318.3 343.4 143.5 110 33.3 11.4 41.2
Stockholders' Equity 7,170.1 7,219.6 7,722.3 7,087.4 6,086.5 5,115.4 5,206.6 4,671.6 4,667.1 4,148.8 2,606.4 2,431.4 822.6 647.6 609.9 583.9 403.0 400.3 345.8 313.2 192.6 163.9 150 90.1
Cash Flow
Operating Cash Flow 831.4 1,429.8 1,671.3 2,118.6 799.4 1,173 1,301.5 664.6 399 626.5 272.2 121.8 106.4 90.7 103.6 24.5 131.4 30.9 39.8 36.4 39.4 2.9 4.4
Capital Expenditure (328.9) (430.6) (468.8) (341.8) (236.6) (172) (242.2) (239.9) (161.6) (154.9) (53.7) (36.0) (20.9) (18.7) (24.5) (30.4) (112.5) (176.1) (107.1) (21.4) (7.9) (9.5) (10.1)
Free Cash Flow 502.5 999.2 1,202.5 1,776.8 562.8 1,001 1,059.3 424.7 237.4 471.6 218.5 85.8 85.5 72.1 79.0 (5.9) 18.9 (145.2) (67.3) 15 31.5 (6.6) (5.7)